WHY DO DARK SPOTS FORM ON THE FACE? CAUSES, SKIN TYPE, AND REMEDIES

Prof. Luca Valgimigli, Technical Director at BeC

Dark spots on the face—also known as skin discoloration—are among the most common skin concerns, especially with age or after intense sun exposure. But why do they appear? And what are the most effective ways to prevent or reduce them?

Let’s explore together, starting with the biological causes and moving toward the most effective natural active ingredients to combat them.

What Is Melanin, and Why Can Its Production Become Altered?

Dark spots are caused by an abnormal accumulation of melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color. There are two types of melanin:

• Pheomelanin – reddish-orange in color

• Eumelanin – brown in color and more effective at protecting against UV rays

The color of our skin depends on the balance between these two types and is classified according to the Fitzpatrick scale, which defines six skin types: from type 1 (very fair skin that never tans) to type 6 (naturally dark skin).

Why Do Dark Spots Form on the Face?

Melanocytes—the cells that produce melanin—can become overactive in response to certain factors, causing localized hyperpigmentation.

Main causes of dark spots include:

• Prolonged sun exposure without proper protection

• Skin inflammation or infections

• Hormonal changes (pregnancy, birth control, menopause)

• Post-acne or inflammatory scarring

• Reactions to medications or perfumes

• Oxidative stress and free radicals

How to Prevent and Treat Skin Discoloration

To prevent dark spots or reduce existing ones, a multi-targeted approach is essential:

• Inhibit melanin production

• Brighten existing pigmentation

• Promote cellular turnover

• Protect the skin from UV rays

Functional Actives for a More Even Skin Tone:

• Glabridin (licorice extract) – one of the most effective natural inhibitors of tyrosinase, the enzyme responsible for melanin synthesis

• Gnetum (melinjo) – another natural source of depigmenting compounds

• Vitamin C derivatives (ascorbyl palmitate, tetrahexyldecyl ascorbate) – help lighten existing pigmentation

• Vitamin A derivatives (retinyl palmitate) – promote skin renewal and reduce discoloration

• Gamma-oryzanol – a rice extract that works as a natural UV filter, ideal for daily use

Sun Protection: The First Step Against Dark Spots

No treatment can truly be effective without sun protection. Always use:

• Broad-spectrum sunscreens, especially if your face is exposed for extended periods

• Natural protective products in your daily routine to help prevent melanocyte activation

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